Diamond wheel clogging type description

1 ) embedded clogging mechanism and attachment type
    Embedded and dependent type jams are clogging debris mechanically filling in gaps in diamond grinding wheel produced . Fill power from two aspects, one is external , one internal, related to the physical, electrical , thermal , etc. factors.
    External factors : grinding a very important feature , the radial component force Fy is larger than the tangential grinding force component Fz, Fy / Fz ≥ 2 ~ 10, the workpiece material more rigid plastic smaller , Fy / Fz ratio greater , grinding debris such areas are under strong pressure, is mechanically squeezed into the gap between the wheel surface . From  abrasive fibre disc the microscopic analysis of debris along the front of the slide abrasive , abrasive in front of the local area with several layers of debris piled in the back of abrasive due to the role of high-speed rotating grinding wheel , forming a vortex flow area, whirlpool area significantly reduced air pressure in the negative pressure , so that part of the debris attached to the back of the abrasive grains to form abrasive flank dependent clogging material is attached to the majority of ash and particles.
    Electrostatic field : the relative speed of the grinding wheel and the workpiece is much greater than V V sand workers, ordinary grinder V s = 3 ~ 50m / s, the speed of high-speed grinder grinding maturity value is 50 ~ 80 / s, foreign trials at speeds up to 1.5m / s or  Sanding Sheets less 200m / s ~ 250m / s, the speed of the workpiece . When the grinding wheel and the work of the relative motion , arranged according to certain rules of the charge in the grinding area, due to the grinding wheel and the workpiece surface electron escape will cause. Meanwhile , the grinding gas high temperature region will result in the shock due to the discharge , so that the neutral gas is ionized into positive ions and electrons. Some small areas in the grinding zone formed by a small electric field consists of the grinding wheel and the workpiece , the electric field , neutral atoms , positive ions, electrons , impurities, dust , not only the neutral atoms are ionized in the process , there are ion and electron recombination process. In the electric field , the polar part of the debris will be presented according to the principles of opposites attract , and the wheel opposite to the polarity of the debris is adsorbed on the surface of the grinding wheel . Since the electric field strength is small, so the adsorption force is weak, the wheel surface debris is not solid , but by means of mechanical pressure between the larger wheel and the workpiece, the wheel has been adsorbed on the surface of the wear debris can be stably embedded Wheel the gap between the surfaces . ( 2 ) blockage of the adhesion mechanism type :
   Most of the grinding process of grinding the input power into heat, so that the grinding temperature up to 1200K or more points , in such a high temperature, rapid grinding of the first case of air  Bonded abrasives oxidation , a low melting point metal oxide is formed , and then these metals oxide grinding zone was heated to high temperatures melt state , covering the surface of the wheel , when this part of the surface of the grinding wheel on participation once again in the role of the grinding force , and some pushed open , and some strengthening, increasing the affinity and adhesion with the wheel , and the adhered surface of the workpiece is pressed ridge groove surface . Through multiple stochastic grinding , many abrasive debris adhering four weeks , the grinding force increases, the temperature rises , thereby forming a vicious cycle of increased congestion, or the abrasive grain broken off, which is melt adhesive .

With a wheel of a method for cutting a workpiece

Grinding is the grinder as a cutting tool for machining a workpiece with a grinding wheel method. Characteristics of the method are: (1) Since the abrasive wheel itself has high hardness and heat resistance, and therefore the grinding can be processed high hardness materials such as hardened steel, cemented carbide.
2) determine the characteristics and grinding wheel grinding system can make even trace cutting, general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; high grinding speeds, generally up to v = 30 ~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness; using hydraulic transmission, thus grinding can be economically obtained with  grinding disc high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and a small surface roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods for finishing parts. (3) Due to intense friction, leaving the high grinding zone temperature. This causes stress and deformation of the workpiece, causing the surface burns. Therefore must inject a lot of grinding coolant to reduce the grinding temperature. Coolant can also play chip and lubrication. (4) a large radial force when grinding. This will cause the machine - elastic workpiece concession system, the actual depth of cut is less than the nominal depth of cut - wheel. Therefore grinding to be accomplished, the light should not enter the knife mill, to eliminate abrasive sanding belt  errors. (5) After the blunt abrasive grinding force also increased, resulting in grains or broken off, exposing sharp edge again, this feature is called "self-sharpening." Self-sharpening the grinding within a certain time can be normal, but beyond a certain time after the work should be carried out manually trimmed to avoid grinding force increases caused by vibration, noise and damage the quality of the workpiece surface structure and surface grinder grinding machine grinding motion Many species, mainly surface grinder, cylindrical grinder, the grinder, universal cylindrical grinding machine (also grind the hole), gear grinding, thread grinding machine, rail grinding, centerless grinder (grinding cylindrical) and tool grinder (grinding tool), etc. Here surface grinder and movement. 1 Surface grinding machine structure (with M7120A, for example, where: M - class machine grinder; 71 - horizontal axis moments desktop surface grinder; 20 - Working table width is 200mm; A - the first major improvements.)
1) wheel frame - install wheel and drive wheel for high-speed rotation, wheel frame dovetail slide along the rail  ceramic belt movement of lateral clearance of manual or hydraulic. (2) slide - install wheel frame and drive wheel frame rails along the column up and down movement. (3) Column - bearing slide and wheel frame. (4) Bench - installation piece by reciprocating linear motion of the hydraulic system drive for. (5) bed - supporting bench, install other components.
(6) Coolant system - providing coolant (saponification oil) to the grinding zone. (7) hydraulic system - consisting of: a dynamic element - as pumps, hydraulic system pressure oil supply; b actuators - for the cylinders, and other parts of the table driven movement; c control elements - .. various valves, pressure control, speed, direction, etc.;. d of the auxiliary element - such as fuel tanks, pressure gauges.

Tips on using disc sand

 Sandpaper dipped in water or soapy water and water can be polished during

operation can reduce the wear scar, creamy ahead of the coating, and thrifty

servant material is not difficult. But  narrow belt the mill should be lower face painting

and coating ability to wait underlying paint layer after complete dry mill,

otherwise it is easy to paint white, absorbent substrates without some

initiative mill, in order to protect the disc with sandpaper quality of work,

before grinding to polishing tools should be tested.
    Sandpaper in subsistence use of sanding paper roll  all sizes are too hearty, whether it is

plastic industry, metal industry, construction industry or the automotive

industry are operating very widespread. Request for the operation of various

industries in each sandpaper does not vary, some characteristics comply with

grinding tools, and some sandpaper to comply with the shape, material

characteristics, such as differences optional sandpaper. It is also a

sandpaper disc sand in one species, but the sand is due to the preparation of

the disc appearance and operation of metal cutting wheel divergent samples, so just give it name

from scratch, with the addition of a sandpaper is also referred to.
    Sand may be divided into two types of discs, and the non-porous

perforated disc sandpaper sandpaper disc, a perforated disc sand to

facilitate the discharge of waste in the grinding object debris from the

hole, advance grinding efficiency. If the disc sand sticking to the speed

change master disc, the special operating machinery or hand, using sandpaper

polished, mostly for hard and brittle paint kind of grinding, end compared

with convenient operation, but disc sand in operation The process will

produce a lot of dust, affecting the health scene, which is dominated disc

sand to prevent a fragmentation weaknesses problems.

Abrasive for use on many parts

Now see abrasives abrasive is a material essential to mention that the owners are people made of abrasive material, made by many people used abrasive replaced it. Like other than diamond, but  shop roll has a natural abrasive performance is not very stable, but that it also has available value. By abrasive when used in the industry, is very very broad role, is played when the processing precision and roughness industrial objects, then the time of abrasives is indispensable, and in addition This addition, like cutting tools and other materials in general, when the wheel of this tool is also essential. Like life in the automotive industry, such as the production of which is through precise gear like density, but also through the process of abrasives and abrasive, there is a good show.
 Like other classes of rigid products also need to go through the processing of high density, so to save time and flap wheel increase efficiency. Abrasives continued improvement
A continuous growth of modern cities, and now visible after our abrasives through a constantly changing, with the heart of the trend. It is now one of the development of China's mold industry producing countries, in addition to the abrasive industry needs some minor improvements.
 Abrasive industry has ever produced a good tip, but at the time of survival with scattered, small scale and so on. Many companies also have quite reasonable, low survival industry, has more small businesses. Affect the ability to enhance the competitiveness of slow, leading to areas such as environmental protection and technology.
 Our abrasives overcapacity, more  Bonded abrasives concentrated in the low-end of the trend, if still a little compared to some distance and international, so it is still in continuous improvement in the mold industry is expected to expose a new style in the future market, for abrasive industry to implement energy conservation, low-power furnace excluded, and actively promote the development of competitive enterprises bigger and stronger.

Abrasives are used for grinding, lapping and polishing tools

Abrasives are used for grinding, lapping and polishing tools. Most artificial abrasive grinding with abrasive plus binders made ​​from natural mineral rock is also useful for direct processing into natural abrasive. Abrasives except in machinery manufacturing and other metal cut off wheel  processing industries are widely used , but also for the processing of food processing, paper industry and ceramic , glass, stone, plastic , rubber, wood and other non-metallic materials. Abrasive during use , when the blunt abrasive , the abrasive agent itself or in conjunction with portions broken broken abrasive grains from the partial or complete loss of the working surface of the abrasive article and the emergence of new cutting edge , sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains within a certain time so that the abrasive cutting performance can be maintained . This self-sharpening abrasive , is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature .
Abrasives their source of raw materials , zirconia flap disc natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in  machinery industry is only natural abrasive whetstone . Artificial abrasive at the basic shape and structure of distinction, there are wheel, grinding , stone, sand tile ( collectively, abrasive ) and coated abrasives five. In addition, the habits of the abrasive slurry as a class . Abrasive used  Grinding wheel china by the abrasive can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive . The former corundum and silicon carbide abrasive general , the latter made ​​of diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive. In addition , there are some special varieties , such as sintered corundum abrasives etc. . Ordinary abrasive abrasive is bonded abrasive solid ordinary form a certain shape and a certain intensity of abrasive. Generally abrasive , binder and pore structure, which is often called the abrasive three parts of the three elements . In abrasive abrasive cutting action from the . Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials , inorganic and organic types. Ceramic inorganic binders , such as magnesite and sodium silicate ; organic resin , rubber and shellac . The most commonly used is a ceramic , resin and rubber binders . Holes in the ground of debris from the chip and chip effect, and can accommodate coolant helps grinding heat dissipation . In order to meet some special processing requirements, the pores can also dipped some fillers , such as sulfur and paraffin , etc., to improve the performance of the abrasive . This filler is also called the fourth abrasive elements . Said ordinary abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are: the shape, size abrasive , grain size, hardness , organization and binding agents . Grit abrasive hardness refers to the external force , from the degree of difficulty shedding the abrasive surface , which reflects the bond abrasive grip strength . Abrasive hardness depends mainly on how much amount of binder added density and abrasive grit off easily expressed low abrasive hardness ; vice versa , which means that high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super- soft , soft , soft , medium, medium hard , hard and superhard grade seven , from these levels can be subdivided in a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement method , more commonly used hand cone , mechanical cone method , Rockwell hardness measurement method and blast assay . Hardness and its dynamic modulus of elasticity abrasive has a corresponding relationship , which is conducive to the use of audio measurement abrasive method to represent the dynamic elastic modulus abrasive hardness. In grinding , the high if they are grinding the workpiece material hardness , generally used in low hardness abrasive ; contrary, the use of high hardness abrasive. Coarse abrasive organization into tight , medium and loose categories. And number of each class can be further subdivided , with the organization number to distinguish. Abrasives organization number the greater the share of abrasive in the abrasive volume fraction is smaller, wider gap between the abrasive , the more loose tissue. Conversely , the smaller the organization , said more tightly No. organization . Loose abrasive organization is not easy when you use passive , less heat during the grinding process , the workpiece can reduce heat deformation and burns. Tight organization of abrasive grains not falling, help keep grinding geometry. Abrasives be organized only in the manufacture of abrasive formula by control , generally do not make the determination . Superabrasive abrasive primarily by diamond, cubic boron nitride and binding agent to form a solid abrasive . Because of diamond, cubic boron nitride high price , with good abrasion resistance , they are made ​​with ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive different , except for super abrasive layer , as well as the transition layer and the substrate . Superabrasive layer is a part of the cutting action , the super abrasive grains and a binder composition . Base support care role is played in the grinding of metal, bakelite or ceramic materials. For connecting the substrate and the buffer layer superhard abrasive layer comprising a binder and, sometimes, may be omitted . The binding agents are used resin, metal, plated metal , and ceramics.

Some of the benefits of superhard abrasive machining characteristics

 Made by the super abrasive grinding tools, its advantages mainly in the following aspects:
 (1) determine the hardness of the main characteristics of the abrasive properties. Superabrasive itself has a very high hardness, it can process a variety of high hardness materials, especially ordinary abrasive materials are difficult to process. For example, diamond abrasive machining of carbide and ceramics, agate, optical  abrasive wheel glass, semiconductor materials, stone, concrete and other non-metallic materials and non-ferrous metals; with CBN abrasive machining tool steel, tool steel, stainless steel, corrosion Hot alloys, especially the processing of high vanadium high speed steel and other ferrous metals, can be processed to obtain satisfactory results.
(2) superhard abrasive wear, long life cycle, grinding ratio, under conditions of fair use, get a good economic  sanding roll results, especially for difficult material with ordinary abrasive machining, better economy .
 (3) superhard abrasives shape and size of the change in use is extremely slow, grinding operations in favor, processing and need frequent replacement wheel, can greatly save hours of work, more suitable for automatic processing of high-precision parts online. Superhard abrasives little trimming in use, some of the super-hard resin bonded abrasives may even need trimming, thus greatly improving the working conditions. (4) superhard abrasives can maintain a sharp cutting edge for a long time, because the smaller  PSA sanding disc the grinding force, which is not only conducive to the improvement of accuracy and finish machining of parts, but also reduce the power consumption of machine tools. (5) superhard abrasive grinding temperature is lower, can greatly improve the surface quality of the workpiece to avoid parts cracks, burns, organizational change and other ills; also greatly improved parts machined surface stress conditions conducive extend the life of parts, so that the overall economic indicators improved.

Stone Tools : low hardness grinding wheel should be high workpiece

Grinding is the grinder as a cutting tool for machining a workpiece with a grinding wheel method . Characteristics of the method are: ( 1 ) Since the abrasive wheel itself has high hardness and heat resistance , and therefore the grinding can be processed high hardness materials such as hardened steel , cemented carbide . ( 2 ) determine the characteristics and grinding wheel grinding system can make even trace cutting , general ap = 0.001 ~ 0.005mm; high grinding speeds , generally up to v = 30 ~ 50m / s; grinder stiffness ; using hydraulic transmission , so grinding can economically obtain high precision (IT6 ~ IT5) and small surface roughness (Ra = 0.8 ~ 0.2μm). Grinding is one of the main methods for finishing parts .
( 3 ) Due to intense friction , leaving abrasive fibre disc  the high grinding zone temperature . This causes stress and deformation of the workpiece , causing the surface burns. Therefore must inject a lot of grinding coolant to reduce the grinding temperature . Coolant can also play chip and lubrication. ( 4 ) a large radial force when grinding . This will cause the machine - elastic workpiece concession system , the actual depth of cut is less than the nominal depth of cut - wheel. Therefore grinding to be accomplished , the light should not enter the knife mill , to eliminate errors. ( 5 ) After the blunt abrasive grinding force also increased , resulting in grains or broken off, exposing sharp edge again , this feature is called " self-sharpening ." Self-sharpening of the grinding time can be within a normal, but over a certain time after the work should be carried out manually trimmed to avoid grinding force increases causing vibration, noise and damage to the workpiece surface . Wheel grinding wheel is a cutting tool , which consists of many small and hard abrasive grains and a binder made ​​of the porous body stick . Directly responsible abrasive cutting work must be sharp and have high hardness, heat resistance and a toughness. Commonly used abrasives are aluminum oxide ( also known as corundum ) and silicon carbide two kinds. Alumina abrasive class high hardness, good toughness, suitable for grinding steel material . Silicon carbide abrasive hardness higher class , more sharp, good thermal conductivity, but more brittle , suitable  metal cutting wheel for grinding cast iron and alloy . Also suitable abrasive grinding wheel , due to its different thickness , surface roughness and the workpiece after the machining efficiency is not the same , for the coarse grinding of coarse grains , fine abrasive grains , the more coarse abrasives , the smaller the grain size number . Binding agents from bonded abrasive effect. The binding agent used is a ceramic , followed by the resin binder. Different materials selected from binders , impact wheel corrosion resistance, strength , heat resistance and toughness . The more firmly bonded abrasive , the more difficult to fall from the wheel , said wheel on the hardness , the hardness of the wheel is the ease of abrasive grinding wheel surface under loads shedding . Off easily called soft , otherwise known as hard . The hardness of the abrasive grinding wheel hardness are two different concepts. Was softer workpiece surface grinding , abrasive edge ( corners ) it is not easy to wear, so that time can be longer abrasive used , that some of the optional bonding firm wheel ( high hardness wheel ) . Conversely , low hardness grinding wheel for high hardness of the workpiece .
Wheel at high speed work , in order  Grinding wheel china to ensure safety, should be checked prior to installation , there should be no cracks and other defects ; To make the wheel steady, balancing test should be carried out before use . After some time working wheel , the surface voids are clogged debris , abrasive acute angle will be blunt , the original geometry is distorted. Must be trimmed and cutting ability to restore the correct geometry. Pen diamond grinding wheel dressing required .

Six polishing abrasives Detailed analytical methods

 1, the mechanical polishing : mechanical polishing is plastically deformed by the cutting surface is polished to remove the convex portions obtained by a smooth surface polishing method generally used Whetstone , wool wheel , sandpaper , abrasive belt , nylon wheels, manual operation is Lord, special parts such as body surface rotation , you can  abrasive fibre disc use the turntable and other aids, high surface quality requirements can be thrown over lapping method . Super abrasive lapping and polishing is a special abrasive in polishing liquid containing abrasive , and pressed on the surface of the workpiece to be machined for high-speed rotation. The polishing method is the highest age . Optical lens mold often use this method , chemical polishing : chemical polishing is to make the material in the chemical medium surface micro- convex and concave portions preferential dissolution of some of the more , resulting in a smooth surface . The main advantage of this method is that the device does not need a complex , the complex shape of the workpiece can be  metal cutting wheel polished , many workpieces can be simultaneously polished , high efficiency. The core problem is formulated chemical polishing polishing solution 3 , electrolytic polishing : electrolytic polishing and chemical polishing the same basic principle , namely by selectively dissolving the surface of fine convex portions , the surface smooth. Compared with chemical polishing, can eliminate the impact of the cathodic reaction , the effect is better. Electrochemical polishing process of leveling the macro and micro leveling . 4 , ultrasonic polishing : the workpiece into the abrasive suspension and placed in an ultrasonic field together , relying on the role of ultrasonic oscillations , so that the abrasive grinding and polishing the surface of the workpiece . Ultrasonic machining macroscopic force is small , does not cause deformation of the workpiece , but the tooling fabrication and installation more difficult. Ultrasonic machining can be combined with chemical or electrochemical methods. In the etching solution , based on the electrolysis , the solution was stirred and then applying ultrasonic vibration to the workpiece surface from the lysate , or near the surface of the electrolyte uniform corrosion ; ultrasonic cavitation in a liquid is also possible to suppress the corrosion process , in favor of the surface luster . 5 , fluid polishing : polishing fluid is relying on high-speed flow of liquid abrasive scouring and polishing the surface to achieve the purpose of carrying . Common methods are : silicon carbide abrasive jet machining , liquid jet machining , grinding fluid power . Fluid energy mill is driven by hydraulic medium that carry high speed abrasive liquid flow through the reciprocation of the workpiece surface. Medium used mainly in low pressure flowing through specific compounds and mixed with good abrasive made ​​from silicon  Grinding wheel china carbide abrasives abrasive powder can be used . 6 , magnetic polishing : Magnetic polishing using abrasive in the magnetic field of magnetic abrasive brush formed on the workpiece grinding. This method is the high processing efficiency , good quality and processing conditions, easy to control, good working conditions. Using a suitable abrasive surface roughness can be achieved Ra0.1μm.
 Plastic mold with the polishing surface of said polishing required in other industries are very different , strictly speaking , do abrasive polishing abrasive should be called mirror finish . It is not only for polishing itself has high demands and surface flatness, smoothness and geometric accuracy is also very high standard. Surface finish is generally only required to get shiny surface . Mirror processing precision molds or mechanical polishing based.

the data is also known as polishing abrasive materials

With sticky abrasive material is abrasive and acceptance made of special process approach dedicated polishing wheel grinder fast in reverse, the parts close to the friction with  the polishing wheel, abrasive on the sharp edges round the parts smooth and shiny appearance grinding process process approach.
Polishing INFORMATION Primary effect  abrasive belt is the appearance of the workpiece can burrs, scratches, traces of erosion, weld, welding slag, blisters, bubbles, oxide film, char, rather than substance, and not the ablation alkaline solution to remove other impurities , also make all kinds of micro-defects can be improved.
First, the data is also known as polishing abrasive materials, ordinary is polishing paste, abrasive, polishing sand, polishing, abrasives, polishing things in general. Grinding documentation belong  abrasive sanding belt to the "hardware stuff" category. Abrasive materials, abrasive Information mortal include: sandpaper, grinding wheel, emery cloth, wire wheels, grindstones, Whetstone, grinding, grinding, abrasive belt, cutting discs, grinding blocks, plates, wheel, cloth wheel, sponge wheel, flax wheel and other abrasive. Abrasive grinding data include: polishing paste, polishing oil, polishing liquid, carborundum, polishing paste, polishing wax, polishing soap, polishing sand, black corundum abrasives, abrasive corundum, white corundum abrasives, chromium corundum abrasives, abrasive corundum natural and artificial grinding disc  abrasives abrasives and other abrasives.
Second, the abrasive polishing paste data varieties yellow polishing paste. Feldspar powder and paint from the fat, fatty acids, pine nasal spray, Huang Dan, lime, soil and other common Pink made for iron, copper, aluminum and bakelite, etc. polishing; white polishing paste. The lime and fatty acids, stearic acid, paint fat, suet, tallow, ground wax together made for copper, nickel, aluminum and bakelite etc. polishing.

Simple analysis of cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive application technology

Materials complement each other, so that the scope of application of superhard materials greatly broadened. Compared to ordinary abrasive abrasive , CBN abrasive with high-speed , efficient processing of high quality , long life, low cost, high speed CNC grinding machine can be used as efficient tool of choice for high precision grinding . In the automotive  abrasive manufacture industry , machine tools , bearings and so has a wide range of applications .
1, CBN nature
 When the CBN for abrasive materials , we study its hardness , wear resistance, strength and thermal conductivity and other properties. CBN hardness is much higher than other conventional abrasives. High hardness means cutting stronger , sharper ;
 CBN has high wear resistance , which means it harder than normal abrasive wear . The ability to maintain the shape of the CBN abrasive as one of the main characteristics of high-performance abrasives ; CBN high compressive strength , which means that when used under harsh conditions it can remain intact and not broken particles ; CBN has good thermal resistance, can be achieved in grinding cold cutting . Due to the different nature of some of CBN and diamond , the scope of their work material is different . CBN materials for processing tool steel , bearing steel , alloy steel , super alloys, cast iron . The materials suitable for processing diamond carbide, glass , ceramic , cermet, cast iron. 2, CBN abrasive CBN grinding systems use different sandpaper roll  types of binding agent and the CBN bonded abrasive tool into a certain shape . It is only through rational grinding process , relying on the superiority of the grinder can , in order to maximize its effect. In the CBN grinding technology research and application , the CBN must be abrasive, grinding machines, parts, repair , cooling, grinding and other factors into a system to be optimized in order to obtain the best technical and economic results.
 CBN grinding technology several important factors to be considered are as follows . 2-1 CBN abrasive grinding in the manufacture of primary consideration and selection of the shape, size , CBN abrasive particle size , concentration, type of binding agent and the use of speed and other parameters . CBN abrasive shape, size and marking by GB/T6409.2-1996 and Bonded abrasives  GB/T6409.1-1994 standard requirements ;
Four CBN abrasive binder ( resin, metal , ceramic , plating ), the fastest growing ceramic bond . This is due to the high ceramic CBN abrasive grinding efficiency, good shape retention , durability, ease of repair , wheel long life, thus becoming efficient, high-precision grinding abrasive of choice .

suitable for hand or machine grinding mill

Sponge sandpaper is a mobile phone casing surface as the most highest utilization rate should be polished and abrasive applications such as Foxconn, Pegatron, Huawei, prestige, accessible, BYD and other  cutting and grinding disc large mobile phone shell grinding plant, especially for like iphone, sansung, millet various processes such as cell phone case polished surface. Since 2006, the sponge sandpaper polished by the patch applied to the model to move to the best cell phone case sanding sandpaper after mandatory from the initial 3M sandpaper sponge, NORTON sponge sandpaper, LUCKYSTAR sponge sandpaper and other imported original products in the market three pillars, due to imports high cost, long period of goods, factories continue to reduce production costs to pursue slowly emerged on the market over the possessions  zirconia flap disc  brand developed the production of sponge sandpaper, of which the trader profits abrasives plant produced DLC sponge sandpaper sandpaper sponge in the domestic more prominent, and its products using, corundum, silicon carbide, white fused alumina, zirconia alumina abrasive such as a substrate with the best quality of the binder coated sponge, sponge sandpaper all in strict accordance with the production process for production abroad, not only cheap, quality is more and imported sponge sandpaper same, Since the product launch has been mini flap disc  a number of large enterprises to adopt on the phone casing polished product with a high temperature, acid, etc., suitable for hand or machine grinding mill, but also in accordance with the requirements of any customer, any model tailored to fit the needs of the sponge sandpaper, separable cut long or round, gum, back velvet different sponge sandpaper, grit 120-180 thickest and most fine of up to 3000-4000 or finer, and the other to provide OEM customized business.
(3) Soft water resistance test After the test the sandpaper, air at 20 ℃ remain after lh, to a diameter of 15 ~ 60mm, 180 on the rod. Bending, surface cracking observed situation. Fine sand smaller diameter rods, thick sand then use larger diameter rod, with its hole in crack width not exceeding 1.5 times the thickness of sandpaper qualified.

Carborundum wearable Floor prevent aging factory floor

It is understood that many factories laying on the ground floor of the emergence of aging, cracking and other phenomena, it is because the external environment destruction, or qualitative own this happen? Actually, the reason these two have, and even man-made factors.
 External environmental factors
 Some factory floor environment is zirconia flap disc  laid in the open space, which makes floor laying susceptible to wind and sun, thus exacerbating the aging ground even cracking.
 Construction workers at fault
Floor during the time of construction, quality control of construction workers is not good, some of the gaps untreated well, resulting in the latter part of the gap widen, there will be ground cracking, aging problems.
Floor above is the reason why the aging, cracking reason, that there is any way to slow down the aging floor problem? Recommend the use of silicon carbide wear-resistant flooring.
Wear-resistant floor while pouring  abrasive sanding belt concrete construction with a special floor, in terms of aesthetics has improved greatly over the concrete floor; but its still high flatness, easy maintenance and long life advantages. For the quality and safety performance after the device after the factory provides a strong guarantee. Emery wear while the ground floor reinforced concrete abrasion resistance, impact resistance degrees. Greatly increasing the density of concrete to reduce the effect of dust, increasing the oil repellency of the surface, forming a dense, easy  sandpaper roll to clean, impervious surface. Construction with concrete floor, short construction period. Durability, and reduced costs due to the cyclical thickening of the surface coating or brought. From the ground than the non-metallic dust hardened less apparent as shining like a starry night, better impact resistance, but also has some anti-static effect.

internal grinding wheel diameter is small

Compared with the cylindrical grinding , internal grinding machining accuracy , surface quality and production rate is poor. The reason is that the grinding has the following basic features :
 1 due to restrictions in the workpiece hole  standard abrasives diameter , internal grinding wheel diameter is small, but also by the speed of the grinder spindle speed limit ( usually 10000 ~ 20000r/min), general grinding wheel peripheral speed of less than 30 ~ 35m / s. Thus , productivity is better grinding surface roughness and cylindrical grinding .
 2 internal grinding wheel diameter is small, much higher speed than the cylindrical grinding wheel, the number of times it is time for each unit increase in the corresponding abrasive grinding participate than cylindrical grinding wheel tends to blunt the need regular trimming and replacement ( often trimmed wheel wear quickly ) , increasing the auxiliary time , affecting productivity.
 When three internal grinding , the  abrasive paper sheet workpiece aperture is smaller, then the long axis of the wheel installation is also smaller in diameter , but its large overhang length , so poor rigidity , prone to bending deformation and vibration grinding , affect the size of the workpiece, shape accuracy and surface roughness , but also limits the amount of grinding without help improve productivity.
 4 When the grinding wheel and the workpiece into contact with the inscribed circle , arc of contact is longer than the cylindrical grinding , internal grinding because in a semi- closed state, the coolant is not easy to enter the hole, directly into the ground harder DC wheel  to area, thus grinding , high temperature, easy to blunt abrasive wheel easy to plug , while the workpiece surface quality burns easily .
 According to the characteristics of the inner circle grinding , grinding holes in order to ensure the quality and increase productivity, must be reasonably connected to the long axis of the grinding wheel and choose correctly determine the amount of grinding , cutting fluids , and to improve the grinding process .

Peruse abrasive science knowledge

Abrasives are used for grinding, lapping and polishing tools. Most artificial abrasive grinding with abrasive plus binders made from natural mineral rock is also useful for direct processing into natural abrasive. Abrasives except in machinery manufacturing and other metal processing industries are widely used, but also for the processing of food processing, paper industry and ceramic, glass, stone, plastic, rubber, wood and other non-metallic materials.
Abrasive during use, when the  abrasive paper sheet blunt abrasive, the abrasive agent itself or in conjunction with portions broken broken abrasive grains from the partial or complete loss of the working surface of the abrasive article and the emergence of new cutting edge, sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains within a certain time so that the abrasive cutting performance can be maintained. This self-sharpening abrasive, is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature. As early as the Neolithic Age, humans had already started to use natural millstone processing knives, stone axes, bone, horn, and tools such as a tooth; 1872, appeared in the United States with a combination of natural abrasive clay firing Ceramic wheel; 1900, the advent of artificial abrasives, using artificial abrasives manufacturing have produced a variety of abrasives, grinding and create the conditions for the rapid development of grinding machine. Thereafter, the abrasive nature of the decreased proportion of abrasive. Abrasives their source of raw materials, natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive whetstone. Artificial abrasive at the basic shape and structure of distinction, there are wheel, grinding, stone, sand tile (collectively, abrasive) and coated abrasives five. In addition, the habits of the abrasive slurry as a class. Abrasive used by the abrasive can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive. The former corundum and silicon carbide abrasive general, the latter made of diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive. In addition, there are some special varieties, such as sintered corundum abrasives etc.. Ordinary abrasive abrasive is bonded abrasive solid ordinary form a certain shape and a certain intensity of abrasive. Generally abrasive, binder and pore structure, which is often called the abrasive three parts of the three elements. In abrasive abrasive cutting action from the. Binding agent is a solid form of abrasive wheel  the abrasive loose abrasive materials, inorganic and organic types. Ceramic inorganic binders, such as magnesite and sodium silicate; organic resin, rubber and shellac. The most commonly used is a ceramic, resin and rubber binders.
Hole in the ground of debris from the chip and chip effect, and can accommodate coolant helps grinding heat dissipation. In order to meet some special processing requirements, the pores can also dipped some fillers, such as sulfur and paraffin, etc., to improve the performance of the abrasive. This filler is also called the fourth abrasive elements.
Said ordinary abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are: the shape, size abrasive, grain size, hardness, organization and binding agents. Grit abrasive hardness refers to the external force, from the degree of difficulty shedding the abrasive surface, which reflects the bond abrasive grip strength.
Abrasive hardness depends mainly on how much amount of binder added density and abrasive grit off easily expressed low abrasive hardness; vice versa, which means that high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super-soft, soft, soft, medium, medium hard, hard and superhard grade seven, from these levels can be subdivided in a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement method, more commonly used hand cone, mechanical cone method, Rockwell hardness measurement method and blast assay.
Hardness and its dynamic modulus of elasticity abrasive has a corresponding relationship, which is conducive to the use of audio measurement abrasive method to represent the dynamic elastic modulus abrasive hardness. In grinding, the high if they are grinding the workpiece material hardness, generally used in low hardness abrasive; contrary, the use of high hardness abrasive.
Coarse abrasive organization into tight, medium and loose categories. And number of each class can be further subdivided, with the organization number to distinguish. Abrasives organization number the greater the share of abrasive in the abrasive volume fraction is smaller, wider gap between the abrasive, the more loose tissue. Conversely, the smaller the organization, said more tightly No. organization. Loose abrasive organization is not easy when you use passive, less heat during the grinding process, the workpiece can reduce heat deformation and burns. Tight organization of abrasive grains not falling, help keep grinding geometry. Abrasives be organized only in the manufacture of abrasive formula by control, generally do not make the determination. Superabrasive abrasive primarily by diamond, cubic boron nitride and binding agent to form a solid abrasive. Because of diamond, cubic boron nitride high price, with good abrasion resistance, they are made with ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive different, except for super abrasive layer, as well as the transition layer and the substrate.
Superabrasive layer is a part of  PSA sanding disc the cutting action, the super abrasive grains and a binder composition. Base support care role is played in the grinding of metal, bakelite or ceramic materials. For connecting the substrate and the buffer layer superhard abrasive layer comprising a binder and, sometimes, may be omitted. The binding agents are used resin, metal, plated metal, and ceramics.
Bonded Abrasives manufacturing process are: distribution of material, mixing, forming, heat treatment, machining and inspection. With different binding agents, manufacturing processes are not the same. Vitrified abrasives used mainly-pressure method, the abrasive and binder weight ratio formula weighing, mixing evenly placed within the mixer, put in a metal mold in the press molding of abrasive rough. Blank firing kiln dried and then into the firing temperature is generally about 1300 ℃. When using a welded low-melting binder, the firing temperature is lower than 1000 ℃. Then the provisions of the exact size and shape processing, final inspection products.
Resin bonded abrasives are generally molded in the press at room temperature, there is also pressurized with heating in a hot-pressing process under heating conditions. After forming in the hardening furnace hardening. The phenolic resin as binder, the curing temperature is 180 ~ 200 ℃. Rubber bonded abrasives used mainly for mixing roll machine and rolled into thin slices, then use a die cutter punching molding; also some with loose material, into the inner metal mold press forming. After vulcanization molding vulcanization tank, a temperature of 165 ~ 180 ℃. Metal bonded abrasives manufacturing process, there are two powder metallurgy and plating method, mainly for superabrasive abrasive. Bronze powder metallurgy as the binding agent, or after mixing by hot press molding at room temperature, and then sintering processing. Plating with nickel or nickel-cobalt alloy as the metal plating, according to the abrasive bonded to a plating process on a substrate made of abrasive. Special varieties of sintered corundum abrasives and grinding with abrasive fibers and so on. Sintered corundum abrasive is alumina powder and the amount of chromium oxide mixing, forming, sintering at about 1800 ℃. This abrasive compact structure, high strength, mainly used for processing watches, instruments and other parts. Abrasive fibers are adhered or containing abrasive filaments (eg nylon) as the raw materials made of, its flexibility, materials and products used in metal polishing.

CBN abrasive hardness higher than normal

 CBN abrasive hardness higher than normal , high hardness means more sharp

and cutting stronger ; CBN has a higher wear resistance, means that it is

harder than ordinary abrasive wear ; ability to maintain the shape of CBN

abrasive high-performance one of  abrasive flap disc the main characteristics of the abrasive ;

CBN high compressive strength , which means that in the harsh conditions of

use it can remain intact and not broken particles ; CBN has good thermal

conductivity , the grinding can be achieved when cold cutting .
1, high hardness, high toughness CBN human hardness only to diamond synthesis

of superhard material is much higher than the normal corundum and silicon

carbide abrasive , and thus has a better cutting ability , more sharp.
2 , high temperature resistance , good thermal stability .
3 , chemical inertness . 4 , good thermal conductivity . 5, the grinding

performance, good surface quality 6 , abrasion resistance and longer life.

CBN grinding wheel ratio up to 3500-5500 , a hundred times more than ordinary

high corundum grinding wheel , diamond grinding wheel 3-5 times Mounted flap wheel  higher than

that . 7 , environmental pollution, energy saving. Without too much powder

dust. 8 , high efficiency, good overall economic efficiency . Sharp grinding

, grinding force is small , CBN grinding wheel dressing cycle is long ,

finishing less the amount , the abrasive roll  replacement for a long time ; long life

cycle, grinding ratio , getting a better economy, in use to maintain good

shape , without regular replacement wheel and wheel dressing , saving time ,

improving working conditions , is conducive to the machining operation .
   Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is not suitable for grinding carbide and non-

metallic hard materials .

Abrasives scientific knowledge : types and features introduced

Is for abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools . Most of the abrasive is made ​​of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent , is also useful natural mineral rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery manufacturing industry has been widely used , but also for food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic , rubber, wood and other sanding roll  non-metal materials processing. Abrasive in use , when the blunt abrasive , because the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture , the abrasive grain from the partial or complete loss , the working surface of the abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge , sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains , the abrasive can be maintained within a certain time cutting . This self -sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature . As early as the Neolithic Age , humans had already started to process the application of natural stone knives , stone axes , bone , horn , and tools such as a tooth ; 1872 , appeared in the United States with natural abrasives combined with clay firing ceramic grinding wheel ; 1900 years ago, the advent of artificial abrasives , using artificial abrasives manufacturing have produced a variety of abrasives for grinding and grinding create the conditions for rapid development . Since then , natural abrasive in the abrasive proportion gradually reduced. Abrasives source of their raw materials , with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery  sanding paper roll industry is only natural abrasive Whetstone . Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding , stone, sand tile ( the foregoing collectively referred abrasive ) and coated abrasives five . In addition , it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class . Bonded Abrasives are used by different abrasives can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive . The former corundum and silicon carbide and other common abrasive, the latter with diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive material. In addition, there are some special varieties, such as sintered corundum abrasive and so on. By ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive solid binding agent to form a certain shape common , and has a certain strength abrasive. Generally abrasive , binder and pore structure, these three parts are frequently referred to as the three elements of abrasive . Abrasive abrasive cutting action play . Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials , with inorganic and organic types . Inorganic binder with ceramic , magnesite , sodium silicate and the like; organic a resin , rubber and shellac . One of the most commonly used is a ceramic , resin and rubber binding agent. Holes in the ground when debris from the role of the chip and the chip , and can accommodate coolant, helps grinding heat dissipation . To meet the requirements of certain special processing , the pores can be impregnated with certain fillers such as sulfur and paraffin , so as to improve the abrasive performance. Such fillers , also known as the fourth element of the abrasive . Means a common abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are : shape, size abrasive , grain size, hardness, structure and bonding agent. Abrasive abrasive hardness refers to the  stone cutting wheel external force from the abrasive surface of the shedding of degree of difficulty, it reflects the strength of binding agent holding abrasive . The hardness of the abrasive agent is added depends on the amount of binding and the density of abrasive , abrasive grains easily fall off indication low hardness ; vice versa , which means high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super-soft , soft, medium soft , medium, medium-hard , hard and superhard seven magnitude, from these levels can be subdivided in a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement methods are more commonly used hand cone , mechanical cone method , Rockwell hardness measurement method and sandblasting assay .

What are the characteristics of sand disc

 Sand also belong sandpaper disc types , but its excellent characteristics dominate , increasing the grinding area , dominated by the relative efficiency and advancing .
Disc sand is the property of supplies , the master may not appreciate it , but do not despise disc sand Yeah, disc Mounted flap wheel  sand broad-scale operation . From the shuttle to our use of mobile phones and computers , to be used in the production process sandpaper disc , part of the space shuttle parts go through Suimi sandpaper sanding disc , as well as the body , before going in spray paint sand with a sanding disc should not flash paint stripping . Take our laptops in terms of the most common , can have so mysterious appearance of color adopted , can not afford to be less polished disc Suimi sand . There can be used for metal parts, plastics, electronics, auto parts , furniture, handicrafts polished. Meanwhile , disc sanding products are very efficient compared to the practice hand sanded fast, convenient and inexpensive ;
Sand is a perfectly circular disc shape, which is a sandpaper volume is down , or double-sided adhesive bonding , and nonwoven belt  then put extraordinary punching machine with a circular mold cutting , stamping out of the product is the disc sand , fleece is also known as brushed film. Disc sand from stickers to classify compounds can be divided into two types , adhesive disc sand and Velcro disc sand ( alias self-adhesive disc sand and brushed disc sand ) ; ' brushed disc sand but also for non-porous and perforated brushed brushed disc sandpaper sandpaper disc . Perforated disc sand  PSA sanding disc facilitates polished object debris discharged from the hole , forward grinding efficiency. There are some other categories preparation , such as by size big and small , a common 4 inches , 5 inches, 6 inches in diameter disc sand , sand disc diameter usable area 23mm --- 235mm. There disc sand from sand surface to the classification

Flap wheel wear and grinding efficiency of the overall

Xie said the overall look flat abrasive wheel wear and grinding efficiency
Simple paraphrase what the overall flat abrasive wheel wear and grinding efficiency:
Flap Disc ( also known as polished , one hundred round , flower-shaped rounds ) is multiple pages into a small piece  zirconia flap disc of emery cloth piece glued on pallets fan-shaped arrangement constitutes the superposition , the use of composite materials made ​​digestible imports trays , each emery cloth plane with the bond angle of the tray 10 ° -30 ° to ensure optimum grinding effect size , can emery wheel grinding , polishing workpiece when cutting angle to achieve the best , to ensure emery wheel base with frosted consumed simultaneously , significantly improving the overall flat abrasive wheel wear and grinding efficiency, extend the life of the abrasive wheel .
Belt drive belt belt drive belt adjusting device adjusting means , in particular through improved design of the  Mounted flap wheel structure , the effective elastic belt made ​​of adjustments to facilitate belt replacement , adjustment device without increasing its structural complexity , its structural design, mainly in the upper and lower belt machine body plate rack set a vertical guide member , the side frame of the body panel is pivoted to an adjusting screw , the two mutually perpendicular with a transmission gear set card system link , by adjusting the rotation of the control member rotating lift guide movements, effort and can quickly adjust belt tension adjusting device , the use of knowledge to solve the tension spring practice lift replacement inconvenience.

Flap Disc production requirements which

One thousand pieces and looks fine grinding wheel polishing, grinding paste coated with wool polishing wheel stop grinding, polishing can remove the front left traces . Flap wheel can replace cutting and grinding disc  resin pin type wheel with high flexibility, good self-sharpening , grinding rate, low noise suitable for welding and stamping parts cabinets polished edges , for a variety of stainless steel and carbon steel structural pieces of grinding and polishing disposal features: Using the latest design, the base physical integrity parting with sand tray for easy manually decorated , efficient and environmentally friendly . thousands of impeller can be assembled in a variety of automatic and manual grinding machine stopped grinding and polishing operations , grinding sharp cutting surface disposal the best weapon safety.
 Flap Disc slitting , slitting the width and the merits of a direct impact on subsequent production of the Bonded abrasives  character, emery cloth strips on the back of equal width smooth sand Busi also symmetrical, import and export of the machine at a relatively small number of wear , and vice versa on the inlet and outlet parts wear large and divergent width , easy to make round knife deviation, the width of the sand Busi divergent caused , in addition, on the straight knife consumption is also very large , there will be cut tilt phenomenon, sand Busi Busi tilt wheel made ​​out of sand will tilt, directly affect the results of the use of sand Busi round and longevity .
Processing materials of different speeds corresponding to the different processing belt grinding materials Mounted flap wheel  corresponding belt grinding speed is not the same as its corresponding material removal rate and surface roughness of the belt durability is inconsistent , belt grinding recommended when cutting different materials used for the different optimal speed range . Moreover , often the coarse grained abrasive belt than the selected speed by 20 % to 30% , in order to get a better surface quality and processing results.

Carbide grinding wheel with a series of excellent performance

(A) is a low temperature curing diamond resin wheel, short production cycle, equipment and supply process is relatively simple; due resin liquid, easy to shape complex plane of the wheel.
(2) titanium carbide-based cemented carbide or titanium based carbonitride Wheel: usually TiC or Ti (C, N)-based ingredients, as a binder and Ni-Mo alloy composed of a wheel. In recent years, there  abrasive cloth belt are such Carbide Grinding many new developments, such as those containing Ta, W and other heavy elements in solid solution carbide multi penthouse join developing high-performance Ti (C, N) cermet and so on.
(3) chromium carbide based cemented carbide grinding wheel: the Cr3C2-based, with Ni or Ni-W which consists of a binder such as carbide wheel, usually used as a corrosion resistant parts, in recent years, but also a large for parts such as bracelets and other ornaments.
(4) steel bonded carbide wheel: with TiC or WC as the base, which consists of steel as a binder alloy wheels, a can be machined and heat-treated alloy wheel, is between the traditional Mounted flap wheel  hard carbide grinding wheel and steel alloy between an engineering material.
(5) Coated Carbide Wheel: generally refers to tungsten carbide based cemented carbide wheel toughness substrate by chemical vapor deposition or physical coating method, a few microns thick coated with TiC, TiN, Ti (C, N) , Al2O3 and the like and the production of hard compounds.
Grinding wheel for grinding carbide
Scope: SDC for high hardness abrasive non-ferrous metals, primary grinding tungsten steel, glass, magnets. Gem
Currently carbide grinding wheel is  PSA sanding disc mainly used resin bonded diamond grinding wheel for machining, carbide wheel Mace 2010 appeared to outstrip supply, resin bonded diamond grinding wheel efficiency far failed to meet the supply situation. Between resin bonded diamond grinding wheel features.

double-sided polishing machine grinding plate vibration

 Vibrations that affect the quality of ultra-precision machining of the key factors, spring-loaded double-sided polishing machine during polishing of the grinding plate vibration phenomena seriously hampered the accuracy of product processing. To solve this problem, a spring-loaded device in the MR damper added method by controlling the magnetorheological damper damping to achieve the double-sided polishing grinding wheel china  and grinding disc on a semi-active control of vibration in order to achieve vibration suppression effect. First, the improved pressure loading system for mathematical modeling, has been on the polishing process grinding plate equations of motion; Then, the semi-active control of the control strategy designed to get its control algorithm; Finally, in Simulink in semi-active control strategy for the system simulation analysis, and simulation results with  nonwoven belt and without control system simulation results were compared and analyzed. Comparative analysis showed that the design of semi-active control method can effectively inhibit the double-sided polishing machine grinding plate vibration phenomena.Simulation using finite element analysis software from cast iron, tin, PTFE and other materials combined into a grinding disc, grinding disc loading conditions with maximum deformation relationship. The results show that cut off wheel  the grinding disc material elastic modulus, the greater the smaller the maximum deformation; with a hard material for the substrate, the soft material bonded to the surface of rigid material together form a grinding disc, grinding disc loaded far less than the amount of deformation of soft materials used alone as the grinding

Some tiles abrasives mainly explained

Currently , ceramic tiles used in the production of grinding and classification no uniform standard . According to the actual use of the ceramic industry , according to the type of binding agent , can be divided into the following categories: inorganic binder Sanding Sheets  ( Ling dry soil binding agent , a metal binding agent) and an organic binding agent ( unitary purpose unsaturated polyester resin, a phenol resin, a cyclic epoxy resin ) Ling dry soil bonded abrasives and polished stone industry is the most widely used grinding tools , used for coarse grinding and polishing . It is composed of turbot dry soil ( MgO ) and the role of magnesium chloride solution , after a series of physical and chemical changes in the formation of chlorine magnesium compounds as binder . Metal binding agent, mainly used cut off wheel  in the manufacture of diamond abrasive. Usually automatic grinding machine for continuous milling , drilling generally made ​​of copper metal powder such as tin -nickel binder preparation , after mixing with the abrasive , abrasive pressing sintering , a durable , high efficiency, large grinding, and so on. Unsaturated polyester resin binder is a new binding agent , used for continuous grinding production lines and some coarse polishing wheel, good self-sharpening , sharp zirconia flap disc  high. The main categories divided according abrasive diamond tools ( such as diamond roller , diamond grinding wheels , etc. ) and silicon carbide abrasive ( commonly known as grinding blocks ) two categories. Using functional classification according to the characteristics of the current abrasive ceramic tiles are divided into: Calibrating a diamond roller ( or King Kong roller mill ) ; kibble a diamond cylindrical wheels , planetary gear ; rough polishing a silicon carbide grinding block ( coarse medium ) ; fine polishing a silicon carbide grinding block ( fine number ) ; size processing ( squaring and chamfering ) a diamond grinding wheel, tangential milling round ( round ring ) , diamond chamfering wheels, resin chamfering wheel.

Compared with carbide tools

ceramic cutting hardness up to 92-95 HRA, good wear resistance, under the same conditions for machining steel materials, its wear only P10 (YT15) Carbide Tool 1/15, the tool long life. Meanwhile, ceramic knives and steel and other metal materials, small affinity, low coefficient of friction, anti-adhesion and anti-proliferation ability, cutting knife is abrasive wheel  not easy to stick and BUE, good surface quality. Heat-resistant ceramic tool is also very good, at 1,200 ℃ can maintain 80HRA so high hardness, it is suitable for high-speed cutting at high temperatures and dry cutting, and the price is much lower than similar cutting with diamond and cubic boron nitride cutting tools. Carbide ceramics with common performance comparison of two materials.
The main disadvantage of ceramic cutting tools flexural strength, fracture toughness and low modulus of elasticity, brittleness. For a long time primarily as a finishing tool, representing the proportion of various types of tool material is small. However, the  mini flap disc last decade, the materials science and manufacturing technology, by controlling the grain size and purity of raw materials, the use of hot isostatic pressing and sintering processes and other methods (made of a sintered ceramic, its strength and Cold Pressed good hardness than in the past; while using hot isostatic pressing into the legal system of the ceramic, its dense, higher strength, resistance to chipping performance), add a variety of carbides, nitrides, borides and oxides can improve the performance of the ceramic, and  metal cutting wheel through a pellet, crystal repair, phase transformation, micro-cracks, and several synergistic toughening mechanisms to improve the fracture toughness and strength, the bending strength of the ceramic only increased to 0.9-1.0 GPa (High up to 1.3-1.5 GPa, has cemented carbide quite), and it has greatly improved impact resistance, growing range of applications, in addition to be used for general finishing and semi-finishing, it can also be used under the shock load roughing.

Abrasive wire technology to explore

Currently, some brush-users in order to compensate for lack of certain features of the abrasive brush, and do a single change, such as: bold wire diameter, use a more coarse abrasive, longer length wire brush, etc., although it seems to solve the problem, has brought more new problems, such as: 1, bold wire diameter (1) The user's intention is clear, bold  Mounted flap wheel wire diameter is to improve the hardness, enhance the cutting forces. But the real high-quality abrasive wire, hardness and flexibility to obtain an optimal balance performance: suitable hardness make products have a good rigidity, good contact and grinding the workpiece; appropriate flexibility so that the brush has good elasticity, both ensure the machining accuracy of the workpiece surface, but also reduce brush wear of the polishing operation and the internal stress, thereby improving the life of the brush, do not appear broken wire. (2) There have been experiments show that: all of the conditions the same, but not the same wire diameter, 14mil 12mil wear volume is twice the wire brush. Bold wire diameter caused major problems are: reduction in the  velcro disc density wire brush, reduce fatigue resistance, wear faster and shorter life, grinding stress increases, more broken wires. 3) is correct: the hardness of the brush can meet the technical requirements of the premise, as compared to filament diameter. 2, extended length wire brush
Users feel, scrap grinding brush bristles shorter, longer wire brush, better flexibility, durability should be better longer. It made a major mistake! Lengthened bristles, wire brush section is not working, but the wire brush on the side of the work, even worse is the  Bonded abrasives oscillation amplitude of each strand (angle) a significant increase (see Figure 1), at 800-2500 rpm / min, wire brush foundation of internal stress and fatigue factor increased exponentially, resulting in extremely abrasive wire brush broken wires and filaments significant deformation. Description: When the correct length 8CM wire brush, the brush bristles swings about 25 degrees, and more extended 1CM, an increase of about 10 degree angle, wire brush foundation of internal stress and fatigue factor multiplied.

cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel

Diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel is characterized by high hardness, high thermal conductivity, high sharp grinding the resulting high rate. For modern industrial machining efficient, powerful grinding. Use high-tech means to make vitrified not only to maintain its original performance of hard and brittle, and low sintering temperature, high sanding roll  strength, high toughness, holding abrasive performance is good, and with heat, oil, water, acid, since sharp, and can be trimmed, trimming long interval, a uniform porosity, easy cooling, chip and so on. In the grinding process is not blocked, do not burn the workpiece, and iron group elements can not afford chemical changes were inert, reducing the workpiece in the grinding fatigue, increased life of the workpiece, thereby improving the quality of workpiece roughness , efficiency, and automation of machining a workpiece, to reduce overall costs.
Abrasives choice
Abrasive shape and appearance shall be sanding paper roll  chosen depending on the user's machine tools and workpieces to determine the requirements for abrasive, please reference standards when designing the shape and dimension tables, try to select standard shapes and sizes.
Note: When selecting a new abrasive, we also need to provide the following technical information so that  abrasive cloth belt we can grasp your requirements
Workpiece material, grade and hardness of the surface roughness machine type wire-speed grinding wheel depth (micron / single stroke) grinding allowance (mm) Cooling (dry grinding / wet) Ceramic diamond wheel can be drawn according to the literal meaning of a combination of diamond and ceramic became a ceramic diamond wheel. This is compared to an ordinary wheel. Grinding of the more powerful, low temperature in the grinding time, reduce the number of the degree of wear. Will not cause damage to the product. Good heat dissipation, repair when convenient. Currently abroad this ceramic diamond wheel has gradually increased.

grinding wheel advantages

Precisely because of these advantages, plating wheel speed, ultra-high speed grinding occupy undisputed dominance. Electroplated diamond grinding wheel defects exist: the coating and abrasive belt  the substrate and the metal surface is not kept firmly binding the abrasive chemical metallurgical bonding, actually only be mechanically entrapped abrasive coating metal inlay, thus gripping force is small, efficient grinding diamond particles heavier load shedding (or plating flaking) and lead to an overall failure; increase gripping force as is necessary to increase the thickness of the coating, and the results highly abrasive bare chip space is reduced, wheel prone to clogging, the cooling effect is poor, prone to burn the workpiece surface. Currently electroplated grinding wheel manufacturing has not been nonwoven belt  achieved by optimized processing conditions required to design the best grinding wheel topography, single electroplated diamond grinding these inherent drawbacks will be significantly limited its efficient grinding applications. ① plating process is simple, less investment, ease of manufacture;
② without dressing, easy to use;
③ monolayer structure  oloc disc determines it can reach very high operating speed, now abroad, has reached 250 ~ 300m / s;
④ Although only a single layer of diamond, but there is still enough life;
⑤ For high acc

artificial diamond abrasive similar

Superabrasive CBN is another type, its function and artificial diamond abrasive similar, but also has some common than the artificial diamond strengths, such as heat better than artificial diamond. CBN launched later than the artificial diamond, the Department of trial seminars around the 1970s, and it can be said comer. CBN in the early 90s all large international industrial production to carry out a larger state, such  cutting disc as the former Soviet Union, the CBN has been carried out to a value of more than 50 million carats. CBN also in our late eighties or early nineties and carry out new product trial, but slower, its origins lie in technology and skills are far behind other industrial prosperous nation, and thus its implementation and use must also have been bound.
Artificial diamond and cubic boron nitride abrasive. In carrying out artificial diamond and cubic boron nitride abrasive superhard abrasive together, these two super abrasive abrasive has also been carried out accordingly, artificial diamond abrasive to carry out faster. To the current, artificial diamond abrasive developed into a relatively intact, sophisticated and self-contained processing skill areas. Artificial diamond abrasive products such as electroplated diamond saw blades cut the inner circle, needle narrow belt  files, grinding, artificial diamond saw blades, blade structure, artificial diamond dressing pen, stone with diamond abrasive, diamond cylindrical grinding wheel, processing of iron oxide the use of diamond abrasive.
Diamond dressing roller and diamond or cubic boron nitride and carbide abrasive composite film series so kind and make continuous improvement and progress.
(Four) The fourth stage (late nineties)
Into the nineties, abrasives production and sale of professional, scientific research plays a very big change in the performance of the primary types of increasingly diversified, specialization, but also an unprecedented fierce competition, research and sale as each manufacturer The top priority, and as a professional belt manufacturers produced, as well. But with the international coated abrasives abrasive products, especially, whether it is on the kind or quality of the distance is great. Thus, the  abrasive tools pressing need to increase investment in scientific and technological strength of coated abrasives quick progress especially belt senior product types and quality levels to face the high-quality, multi-species needs to wave. If the current National Senior times coated abrasives production value of 400 million square meters, I count early 2000 will reach 7 million to 10 million square meters dosage needs. This is something that our joint efforts to open up a broad way out of this mall.

abrasive wide gap between the cutting edge

Flat low roughness grinding, high-speed grinding wheel dresser installation location, not a mistake
1) Low coarse roughness plane grinding, grinding wheel dresser wheel frame should not be installed in the outer end of the ram.
Since this installation method  mini flap disc Dresser forward out of the many, grinding due to weight and lean deformation, resulting in the bus and grinding wheel is not parallel to the direction of movement, the grinding wheel and workpiece poor contact.
Wheel vibration will make the dresser while vibration, and affect the wheel rounding effects. Therefore Dresser should be placed on a countertop, and is located in the grinding position of the workpiece to avoid these shortcomings.
2) Adjust the grinding wheel dresser, the grinding wheel dressing mechanism and the action point of the workpiece can not be in a different location point of grinding, the grinding point of the abrasive fibre disc  trimming mechanism and the workpiece grinding point at the same position, trimmed wheel balancing good.A belt grinding efficiency, as an ordinary grinding wheel 5 times. Belt size can be large (wide and 4m), suitable for large area efficient processing, processing a wide range of materials.
 2 produces less heat due to friction and heat dissipation, and can effectively reduce the deformation of the workpiece and burns. However, due to belt can not be trimmed, the processing accuracy is generally lower than the grinding wheel, as it is carefully processed, the  velcro disc dimensional accuracy of up to 0.0012mm, flatness up to 0.001mm.
 3 abrasive wide gap between the cutting edge, chip clogging, good machinability, for open belt grinding, there are always new grit into the grinding zone, relative to the grinding wheel condition is more stable.

For cutting tool materials for metal

For cutting tool materials for metal, generally there are hardness, toughness, strength, hot hardness, thermal conductivity and other indicators, including hardness and toughness are a very important indicator. Of course, is the ideal tool material hardness, toughness flap disc  of both. This is our tool sector targets, but there are already cutting the material properties as shown below.
For the machining of hard materials, the original use is generally fine particles toughness cemented carbide, cubic boron nitride or stiffness better. Now, some providers have developed the tool is particularly suitable for machining hard materials with a TiAlN coating fine abrasive roll  particles of carbide, such TiAlN coating 3000HV, purple.
Cubic boron nitride (referred to as CBN) is for the most hardened ferrous metal hard tool materials. Because although it is slightly lower than the hardness of the diamond, but the composition of diamond material is carbon, and ferrous metals (iron-carbon alloy) will occur in  velcro disc the processing of chemical wear and can not be used for machining ferrous metals.
Cubic boron nitride hard material processing has the following requirements: CBN content of <60%; micro-particle structure; high edge strength; low thermal conductivity
Such CBN can be used for processing 50-65HRC hard material

substrate Abrasive Finishing disc material impact

 This combination of three low-temperature ceramic agent performance comprehensive study results showed that: refractoriness of 775 ℃, flow of 110% ~ 130% linear expansion coefficient of 5.79 × 10-6 ℃ -1 V2 low temperature vitrified The integrated performance. By  abrasive paper sheet differential thermal analysis, the measurement temperature range V2 binding agent produced no apparent crystalline phase. Prepared with binding agents V2 vitrified CBN grinding after firing at 800 ℃ sample, flexural strength of abrasive optimum value 67.5 MPa. The disc was prepared in good sharp grinding, grinding fewer intermediate dressing, disc's durability. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for CBN grinding grinding grinding surface  abrasive roll morphology were observed, indicating that the binding agent on the abrasive grains bonded firmly, homogeneous cross section.Using W14, W3.5 of B4C grains on sapphire substrate precision grinding rough grinding and Experimental Research. Comparative analysis of cast iron, synthetic and synthetic copper tin plate rough grinding surface roughness of the sapphire substrate and the abrasive surface uniformity, test results show that iron lapping  abrasive fibre disc plate sapphire substrate obtained macroscopic uniformity and flatness of the surface are better than synthetic copper plate and synthetic tin plate, the cast iron lapping plate machined face sapphire substrate peak value of the error is less than 5μm, centerline average surface roughness Ra <0.82gm. Precision grinding test results show that the copper plate and synthetic abrasive W3.5B4C sapphire substrate effectively improve the uniformity of the surface, obtained Ra <20nm, face 1.6μm peak error of less than a uniform surface, sapphire ultra-precision grinding and laid a good foundation.

wheel cutting performance is affected by the shape

resin grinding wheel cutting performance is affected by the shape, balance and other effects:
We start with the analysis of the thickness, the thickness is large cut slit width, wheel consumption; when the intensity is assured, the thickness is as small as possible, saving and  Abrasive paper saving material to be cut wheel material; parallelism large, kerf width is determined by thickest determine the strength determined by the thinnest, cutting wear large and vibrations, affecting the entire cutting process. When the wheel center thickness, edge thickness h, the cutting process will be grinding wheel side is cut workpieces. Like a wedge, like artificial parts to be "stuck", so, resin grinding wheel can be made thin in the middle, surrounded by thick is reasonable state.
When the resin wheel runout large, early cutting wheel  in the cutting vibration, could easily lead to wheel off the block, impact strength and cutting, but cutting automatically after finishing, the overall impact is small.
When the resin wheel end to the beating large, cutting back and forth, cutting width larger. Material to be cut unnecessary consumption and more consumption of naturally big wheel, big impact.
The more unbalanced, the cutting vibration, could easily lead to wheel off the block, the impact strength.

blade if not used immediately

1 blade if not used immediately, it should be flat or use the hole to hang up, the blade can not be stacked horizontally with other items or foot, and pay attention to moisture and corrosion.
(2) When the blade is no longer  sandpaper roll sharp cutting surface roughness must be promptly re-grinding. Grinding can not change the original angle, and destruction balancing.
3 blade diameter correction, positioning hole machining, etc., must be carried out by the factory. If the processing is bad, will affect the product effect, and may be dangerous, reaming in principle can not exceed the original diameter 20mm, so as not to affect the balance of stress.
4 of alloy wheel selection. 1) resin abrasive roll  bond diamond grinding wheel bond strength is weak, it can be self-sharpening, grinding, and not blocked, high grinding efficiency, small grinding force, low grinding temperature, the disadvantage is poor wear resistance, abrasive wear and tear , it is not suitable for heavy duty grinding. 2) vitrified diamond grinding wheel wear resistance and superior binding capacity of the  sandpaper resin binder, sharp cutting, grinding, high efficiency, easy to heat and clogging, thermal expansion is less easy to control precision, shortcomings coarse grinding surface, higher costs . 3) metal-bonded diamond wheels combined with high strength, wear resistance, low wear, long life, grinding, low cost, can withstand a greater load, but sharp poor, easy to plug. 4) abrasive particle size on the grinding wheel cutting the amount of blockage and have a certain influence, coarse sand and fine sand compared to the depth of cut large abrasive cutting edge wear increases, whereas wheel easy to plug. 5) Wheel hardness greater impact on congestion, high hardness, high thermal conductivity wheel is not conducive to surface cooling, but is conducive to improve .

select the appropriate blade

1 Press the device design requirements select the appropriate blade.
(2) The equipment shall be equipped with safety devices, such as: protective cover, power brakes, overload protection.
3 There are professional operators Abrasive paper  to install and use, and wear work clothes, wearing goggles, earmuffs and so on.
4 operator can not wear gloves, long hair work to be placed inside the cap, and pay attention to ties and cuff, to avoid any danger.
5 away from the fire source and humid environments.
Installation Requirements
1, the equipment in good condition, spindle no distortion, no track jump, fixed solid, no vibration.
2, check the blade for damage, tooth is  complete, sawn board is flat and smooth, and the presence of other anomalies, in cutting disc  order to ensure safe use.
3, the assembly, make sure the blade spindle rotation direction of the arrow with the device in the same direction.
4, the blade installed to keep the axis of the chuck and clean flange, flange diameter of the blade diameter, ensuring that the blade flange closely integrated, installed dowel pins, tighten the nut. Flange size should be appropriate, outside diameter shall be abrasive cloth belt  not less than the blade diameter of 1/3.
5, the device before starting, to ensure safety in the case, a single person to operate the equipment, jog idling, check the device rotation is correct, with or without vibration, blade installed idling after the first few minutes, without slipping, swing or normal after beating work.
Requirements
1, work, work should ensure that fixed profile positioning in line to eat cutting direction to avoid abnormal cut, do not exert side pressure or curve cutting, feed to a smooth, avoid contact with the workpiece edge impact resistance, resulting in damage to the blade, or workpiece flying out of an accident.

sandpaper tape Paper resolve

 Selected paper to be anti-enter several errors, the primary demand of the substrate is not the same demand. Second, we must pay attention to compliance with the binder paper, usually in terms of A-level paper is mainly used to produce silicon carbide sandpaper 3M transparent adhesive tape made with epoxy resin; B grade paper production generally  abrasive belt waterproof sandpaper 3M adhesive tape made with alkyd resin caking agent, latex paper mill producing ultra-dry sandpaper 3M tape is coated with an epoxy or phenolic resin as a binder, there are companies in order to decrease production costs. A grade paper latex paper also uses urea-formaldehyde resin alkyd resin binder to do.
These two kinds of paper production processes using process is not the same, not suitable for use as the data is not high bond strength 3M tape adhesive sandpaper, otherwise it will affect the Abrasive paper  wear durability. Also pay attention to positive and negative mixed paper, temperature gauge, the other is not necessarily easy to pull the larger paper.Matrix, abrasives, adhesives known as coated abrasives three elements. The most widely used base paper substrate, the largest amount of data. Paper is mainly used to produce waterproof sandpaper 3M tape, 3M sandpaper dry grinding tape, sandpaper wood 3M tape, paper-based belt and so on. Coated abrasives production process, the matrix direct impact on product quality, because each production enterprise production equipment and technology to deposit a big difference, so choose appropriate paper for stable product quality have greater assistance.

After profiling machine assembly plant

After profiling machine assembly plant assembly after molding to re-enter the next process: sanded, first with 70 # 80 # wheel or wheel assembly after the small piece to eradicate residual traces of the blade, H line, vertical line, arc line other major relied on to sweep straight, Swinger, give sanded invention favorable conditions.
One, the first water sandpaper, sandpaper abrasive wheel  on items processed surface. Sandpaper on hand to numerous articles in uniform working surface grinding, the grinding process. To add a little too much pressure on the hand, so that the grinding effect faster, to eradicate traces on a process, how to tune it to see early signs of the previous process clearly. The surface of the water, dry goods processing. They know the surface looked around, this procedure mainly for the goods to the shape of the exterior surface grinding place items at the polished rough machined surface. This ceramic belt  process must be sharpened, or behind the grinding process can not reach no matter how begged. It should be noted: the case of coarse sandpaper, grit coarse grinding capacity. To master;
Polish: polishing powder polishing, with clean water and cotton Bucharest few items machining surface polishing powder in uniform grinding back and forth many times until water mill dry, rough degrees arrived norms interruption, polished items such as specular gloss, bright illumination man . Raging degree can reach 90-110 degrees, color, particles, markings real, natural, authentic marble items reflect the natural handsome.

grinding and polishing tools

Most of the abrasive is made of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent, is also useful natural mineral rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery  abrasive manufacture manufacturing industry has been widely used, but also for food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic, rubber, wood and other non-metal materials processing.
Abrasive in use, when the blunt abrasive, because cutting wheel  the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture, the abrasive grain  from the partial or complete loss, the working surface of the abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge, sharp or continuously exposing new abrasive grains, the abrasive can be maintained within a certain time cutting. This self-sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature.
Abrasives source of their raw materials, with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive Whetstone. Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding, stone, sand tile (the foregoing collectively referred abrasive) and coated abrasives five. In addition, it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class.
Bonded Abrasives are used by different abrasives can be  stone cutting wheeldivided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive. The former corundum and silicon carbide and other common abrasive, the latter with diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive material. In addition, there are some special varieties, such as sintered corundum abrasive and so on.
By ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive solid binding agent to form a certain shape common, and has a certain strength abrasive. Generally abrasive, binder and pore structure, these three parts are frequently referred to as the three elements of abrasive.
Abrasive abrasive cutting action play. Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials, with inorganic and organic types. Inorganic binder with ceramic, magnesite, sodium silicate and the like; organic a resin, rubber and shellac. One of the most commonly used is a ceramic, resin and rubber binding agent.

the base paper is negative confusion

Paper has positive and negative of the points, paper affixed to the paper machine wire section called opposite side, the other side is called positive. Positive than smooth. Because paper is not the same as well as equipment manufacturers of coated abrasives manufacturer requirements are  grinding disc not the same, paper front and back are quite different, not the same as oil absorption, smoothness are quite different, and therefore according to the production requirements of enterprise production varieties coarse grained selection Use positive and negative plant sand. There are paper manufacturers factory marked positive and negative, are not marked, you can use the following methods to determine: the naked eye structurally different sides of the paper can be folded up the complex pattern observed and compared. Another method of the paper placed in an oven dried, to observe the crimping method, often referred to in the opposite side of the curl. 4, the paper temperature gauge. Since differences in paper manufacturing process, the decision paper heat resistance, ordinary waterproof sandpaper 70-80 ℃ to meet production requirements, the use of rosin sizing agent A grade paper or paper produced over if  cutting disc handled 100 ℃, or the drying time is too long paper are prone to brittle, particularly prone to break, breakage phenomena. But the use of Class A paper sizing process production can reach 120 ℃ not crisp. Therefore, the base paper production enterprises to understand the performance, according to different process requirements reasonable control of temperature, so that the proper use, in order to avoid damage due to high temperature substrate, resulting in quality problems sandpaper.
5, the greater the paper tension is not necessarily easy to use. Papermaking process, if we do not rely on chemical additives pulp fiber, its strength is not enough, in order to improve adhesion between the fibers, paper strength enhancing water resistance, usually papermaking pulp or by adding a certain amount of chemical additives. However, if you use this additive will prevent excess resin infiltration, also we often say no oil, the better the pursuit of paper on a misunderstanding tension, only this one indicator does not reflect the quality of paper inside, must be integrated detection of other physical indicators, such as quantitative, tightness, folding, absorbency, water and so on.
 Third, the paper requires a sandpaper appearance quality. Generally speaking paper fortune teller, a color to be basically the abrasive flap disc  same, each batch of special qualities of paper to be consistent, otherwise it will affect the surface color trademark. Two dust can not be excessive, does not allow creases, wrinkles, through the curtain, eyelet, especially various colors of paper can not have a piebald. Three smoothness of the paper should be smooth, felt marks can not be too obvious, both quantitative and thickness to be consistent, otherwise the production is likely deviation. Four volumes ends neat trimming, can not have the break. Five paper core tube intact, and the hardness is better, not too much weight per Roll, generally based on the size specifications of each roll with 300-600kg appropriate. 2, within the quality. First of sand paper should be used 100% softwood kraft pulp production, you can not select the "sandwich paper" on paper papermaking when adding a certain amount of paper between layers of waste paper pulp, and then use a good paste noodles, the production of paper, looks no different with puree .